Nyse Vs Nasdaq Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Nyse Vs Nasdaq - Essay Example They have sites thus a significant part of the exchanging that is directed through them is done through the Internet. Inside this setting it is intriguing to inspect the pretended by the New York Stock Exchange and NASDAQ in our creating monetary world. Hardly any organizations show the above circumstance just as NASDAQ, the world's first electronic exchanging organization. NASDAQ drove the charge away from website explicit bourses and towards a virtual nearness where exchanging is done through programming and on the web. This is the heading many stock trades have been going, albeit most keep up a chief city-explicit trade as a major aspect of their image. With the merger of NYSE and Euronext a couple of years prior, NASDAQ has a contender. The two organizations due fundamentally something very similar. NYSE Euronext has a gigantic range since NYSE has an European decent footing. It is progressively serious with NASDAQ. The two organizations keep on buying stock trades. NASDAQ in 200 7, for instance, purchased the Philadelphia trade. A ton of the cash presently is in mergers and acquisitions among stock trade organizations. The two organizations are based out of New York. There are a couple of contrasts between the two organizations. NASDAQ has been increasingly forceful and all the more a pioneer. Another huge distinction is the means by which protections are really exchanged.

Economics for Business Prospects for Faculty

Question: Portray about the Economics for Business for Prospects for Faculty. Answer: Presentation This investigation has been engaged to the idea of Economics for business. In this regard, this examination has expected to the interest and flexibly of a specific item. The specific item has been picked as the dairy results of Australia. The interest for the dairy items in Australia has been expanding over the time. This will thusly mirror the creation of the dairy results of the nation (Australia 2014). Besides, with the ascent in the interest for a specific item, there happen or emerge two potential circumstances, which have been talked about in this examination. In this unique circumstance, this examination additionally engaged to the components, which can influence the interest just as the flexibly sides of the market of dairy items. The influencing components, for example, the salary level of the shoppers, their segment circumstance and so forth have been referenced in this examination (Bowen and Sosa 2014). Request and flexibly of dairy items in Australia and the variables that influence the interest and gracefully sides of the market As indicated by the announcement of Bruneel et al. (2012), the Australian purchaser dairy producing things are, for example, milk, margarine, yogurt and spread. With the expansion in time, the interest for the dairy items has been expanding in Australia. The general retail volume of the dairy items and the development of the business has likewise been expanded inside the business. The valuation development for the dairy items has been expanded by 5.4%. Likewise, the pattern of the per capita utilization has been rising essentially in the course of recent decades. These patterns of the utilization of dairy items rely on the taste and inclinations of the purchasers. These interest decisions for the dairy items mirror the flexibly of the items. In the expressions of Bruneel et al. (2012), in view of this taste and inclinations of the buyers, the makers meant to the assembling strategy. Likewise, the purchasers are additionally searching for the improvement of the items, the flavor and t he nature of the conveyed merchandise, bundling just as the developments and so forth. It is realized that the expansion of the interest for a specific item will successfully improve the gracefully of the item. As referenced by Doidge, Segal and Gospodarevskaya (2012), the per capita utilization of milk has been reached to the most elevated pinnacle. Subsequently, it very well may be referenced that there may emerge two circumstances. Because of the ascent sought after, the flexibly of the items may fall. Additionally, the cost of the dairy items will likewise increment. In the event of giffen merchandise, with the ascent in cost of the items, the interest for the item won't change. This damages the standard of the law of interest as referenced by Klerkx and Nettle (2013). Accordingly, it very well may be expressed that in the event that the milk items in Australia is expected as the giffen merchandise, at that point the expansion in cost won't decrease the offer of the specific item. Despite what might be expected, on the off chance that the dairy items are not appear ed to the giffen merchandise, at that point the ascent in cost will lessen the interest for the items. Also, if there should be an occurrence of giffen products, pay impact repaid the replacement impact (Klerkx and Nettle 2013). Figure 1: Demand for the giffen merchandise (Source: Created by creator) From the above figure, it tends to be seen that in the event of the giffen merchandise, with the ascent in the cost of the items, the interest for the item won't diminished. It will stay same (Obizhaeva and Wang 2013). Consequently, with the ascent in cost from P0 to P1, the interest will likewise increment from Qo to Q1 and hence, the interest bend is upward slanting. So as to talk about the influencing factors, it will be useful to distinguish how these elements impact the interest and the gracefully of the dairy items in Australia. According to the announcement of Roberts and Schlenkera (2013), the creation of dairy things relies on the territorial conveyance inside the nation. Moreover, development of the populace additionally impacts the all out deals. Thus, to keep up the business volume, the interest for the item will likewise altogether increment. In this way, it tends to be seen that the flexibly of dairy items is higher in urban regions of Australia contrasted with the country territory and the items are provided from the provincial zones to urban zones (Zilberman et al. 2012). In addition, the interest for the dairy items likewise relies on the salary level, as costs are the reflecting determinant of interest for the dairy items. Higher the degree of pay, more noteworthy will be the interest for the items. Subsequently, if there should arise an occurrence of giffen merchandise, the higher pay bunch individuals can bear the cost of the cost of the assembling dairy items. In this manner, the flexibly will likewise expand (Roberts and Schlenkera 2013). The providers will be gainful. Unexpectedly, in the event of lower salary bunch individuals, they can't bear the cost of the expanding cost and along these lines, for this situation the flexibly for the dairy items will diminish. Then again, Obizhaeva and Wang (2013) opined that the interest for an item upgrade the gracefully of that clear item. In this regard, it tends to be expressed that on the off chance that the interest for milk s higher than the interest for spread, at that point the organizations require to deliver more milk so as to meet the gracefully. End The general investigation has been created on the idea of financial aspects for business. In this investigation, the interest for the dairy items in Australia has been watched. After the examination, it very well may be seen that the per capita utilization of the dairy items has been expanding in Australia. Subsequently, to fulfill the need the flexibly has been additionally expanding. Then again, the components, which can impact the interest and flexibly of the dairy items, have been recognized. In this association, it tends to be expressed that the segment conditions, the development of populace can impact the interest of the dairy items just as the flexibly will likewise impact. References Australia, D., 2014. Australian Dairy Industry.Dairy Australia. Accessible on the web: www. dairyaustralia. com. au/Industry-data/About-the-business. aspx. Bowen, W.G. what's more, Sosa, J.A., 2014.Prospects for workforce in expressions of the human experience and sciences: An investigation of elements influencing request and flexibly, 1987 to 2012. Princeton University Press. Bruneel, J., Ratinho, T., Clarysse, B. what's more, Groen, A., 2012. The Evolution of Business Incubators: Comparing request and gracefully of business brooding administrations across various hatchery generations.Technovation,32(2), pp.110-121. Doidge, J.C., Segal, L. furthermore, Gospodarevskaya, E., 2012. Inferable hazard examination uncovers potential medicinal services reserve funds from expanded utilization of dairy products.The Journal of nutrition,142(9), pp.1772-1780. Klerkx, L. what's more, Nettle, R., 2013. Accomplishments and difficulties of development co-creation bolster activities in the Australian and Dutch dairy parts: a near study.Food Policy,40, pp.74-89. Obizhaeva, A.A. what's more, Wang, J., 2013. Ideal exchanging technique and gracefully/request dynamics.Journal of Financial Markets,16(1), pp.1-32. Roberts, M.J. what's more, Schlenkera, W., 2013. Recognizing gracefully and request versatilities of agrarian products: Implications for the US ethanol mandate.The American Economic Review,103(6), pp.2265-2295. Zilberman, D., Hochman, G., Rajagopal, D., Sexton, S. what's more, Timilsina, G., 2012. The effect of biofuels on ware food costs: Assessment of findings.American Journal of Agricultural Economics, p.aas037.

Shareholder value analysis of carphone warehouse - Free Essay Example

The chosen company for our shareholder value analysis is Carphone Warehouse Group Plc. The company has outstanding growth and has a dominant market position. It is the largest independent mobile retailer in Europe. After reviewing the latest Annual reports between 2000 2009, the model is used to calculate the shareholder value minus the estimate of total corporation value. Here are the 10 steps used to calculate the Shareholder value analysis for Carphone Warehouse Group Plc. Step 1: Calculate weighted average Cost of Capital Weighted Average cost of capital (WACC) = Ke * We + Kd * Wd Where, Ke stand for cost of equity Kd stands for cost of debt We stand for weight of equity proportion to total capital structure Wd stands for weight of debt proportion to total capital structure The figure below shows the WACC in detail. step 1 calculate WACC  wacc = ke *we+kd*wd risk free rate = 3.50% FTSE return = 9% beta = 101%  ke = 3.5%(101%*9%-3.5%))  gross debt = 5% tax adjustment = (1-28)  kd = 5%*0.72% =  debt to equity ratio = 20:80  we = 80%  wd = 20%  WACC = (9.6%*80%)+(3.6%*20%) = 8.4% Step 2: Calculate Future Turnover Total turnover for the year = Turnover for the last year + increase (turnover of the last year * growth rate) The assumption of the growth rate was calculated using the previous annual records for the company. This is given in the SVA model and shows to be 24.37% This was then used to calculate an estimated forecast of turnover for the next 7 years. Step 3: Calculate Operating Profit We calculated the average profit margin using the previous 10 years of data; hence using the change in percentage from previous year we used the average of that as our rate of profit margin which is 2.18%. We then used the forecasted turnover from step 2 and multiplied this to the profit margin to calculate the forecasted profits for the next 7 years pre tax. Step 4: Calculate After-Tax Inflow This step was used to calculate the post tax of estimated profits. We got our results by multiplying the pretax profits with the tax rate of 28%; we then subtracted the tax worked out from the post tax profit to get the post tax inflow. Step 5: Calculate Incremental Investment Needs We first calculated the working capital investment rate, we did this by dividing the turnover with working capital per year from 2000 2009 as a percentage and then we used the average percentage as our working capital rate. This was then used to used to work out the capital required, we did by multiplying the turnover per forecasted year by the working capital rate (6.2%). Step 6: Calculate Free Cash Flow (FCF) FCF = After-tax inflow [fixed investment cash outflow + working capital Investment cash outflow] Free cash flow measures how much money a company generates after deducting maintenance. FCF is important as it allows the company to pursue opportunities that will enhance the shareholders value. Step 7: Calculate Present value of future cash flow in seven years Discount the future cash flow based on weighted average cost of capital PV of FCF for each year= FCF *Discount Factor Total Present value of Future cash flow for seven years = FCF year 1 / ( 1+WACC) + FCF year 2 1/(1 +WACC)^2 + FCF year 3 1/(1 +WACC)^3+ FCF year 4 1/(1 +WACC)^4+ FCF year 5 1/(1 +WACC)^5+ FCF year 6 1/ (1 +WACC)^6 = 2677003479.09 Step 8: Calculate Business Value First calculate PV of RV which equals to after tax inflow divided by WACC (calculate from step 1) then the result to be multiplied by the discount factor. Present value of Residual value can be calculated as the form of perpetuity. There is assumption made that the cash flow after seven years would be constant amount and forever, which the definition of perpetuity is and it can be calculated using formula. Business Value = Cumulative PV of FCF + PV of RV Therefore, total Business Value = 26770034791 + 69502852504= £ 96272887295 Step 9: Calculate Corporate Value The total corporate value is the sum of Business value and the Marketable securities like equities offered by the corporation. Marketable security is used as of year 2009  £ 872000000.00 Corporate Value = Business Value + Marketable Securities (investments)  £ 96272887295 +  £ 872000000.00 Therefore, Corporate value =  £97144887294.68 Step 10: Calculate Shareholder Value Shareholder Value = Corporate Value -Total Debt Total Debt = Long term + Short term Total Debt = 425000000 + 33000000 = 458000000 Corporate Value=  £97144887294.68 458000000 Total Shareholder Value =  £ 96686887295 Part A (2) ÃÆ' ¢-  The growth rate This was calculated based on the previous 9 years of annual revenue of the company. The annual Growth rate was worked out using the average percentage of change between 2 financial years, i.e. 2001-2000. The growth rate is 24.37% The growth rate is moderately high and that is largely to the fact that the company has expanded with its venture with Best Buy in the United States. We thought about not including the 2009 annual figures within our model but then decided using our judgment that it would be best to use them. The assumption here is that the mobile phone industry is expanding globally which are good future prospects for the sales of independent retailers of mobile phones and electronics. ÃÆ' ¢-  profit margin (pre tax) : We used the the profit margins from the annual reports dating back to 2000, and worked out the average of 2.18%. In my opinion this rate is a more realistic value even though the comp any is showing high sales growth. ÃÆ' ¢-  tax rate Here, is the assumption made that Taxes is depend on the Revenue and it is assumed that tax rate will be constant for the seven year period but the total amount of tax paid each year will vary based on the growth of revenue. we have assumed that the tax rate in countries other than UK averages 28% as well. This is because of lack of information on the international operations and taxation of  CWG  and because the majority of the business of  CWG  after the joint venture in the States is now in UK. Therefore we have not included any other taxes regarding taxation. ÃÆ' ¢-  fixed capital investment rate To calculate the fixed capital investment forecast the fixed capital in terms of plants , machinery fixed assets will be used for seven year time period. The expected future growth rate is calculated similarly from compounded annual growth rate in which annual growth is assum ed to constant but it can vary with in the year period. The assumption is that the organization fixed assets requirement will be similar in the past. ÃÆ' ¢-  Investment in working capital rate Here, is the assumption made that working capital requirement will depend on the Revenue and it is assumed that growth rate will be constant for seven year period but the total amount of investment in working capital each year will be varied based on the growth of revenue. Thus, to calculate the investment in working capital the growth rate used is the sales growth rate. Part A(3) Report to the director This report will be outlining the main constraints of the valuation model and how risk and uncertainty could be incorporated into the valuation process. The valuation module indicates that Carphone warehouse will be succeeding in the foreseeable future. However the future results are assumptions that we have calculated using formulas. Many factors can influence changes that are out of our control such as environmental, political, economical and technical factors. Risks may arise from any of those factors listed above. The awareness on shareholder value does not take into account societal needs. Shareholder value financially benefits only the owner of t he corporation; it does not provide a clear measure of social factors such as employment, environmental issues, or ethical business practices. As a result, a management decision can exploit shareholder value while adversely affecting third parties, including other companies. Shareholder value is a term that suggests that the decisive measure of a companys success is how well it enriches its shareholders. Shareholder Value Analysis is one of a number of techniques used as substitutes for traditional business measurements In May 2008 Carphone Warehouse merged into two commercial agreements with Best Buy, a leading US consumer electronics retailer, also launching Best Buy Mobile an independent retail format in the US. They also invested in a launch of a Geek Squad, a home technology support business, in the UK, to assist customers with their increasingly complex home technology needs. The key component of the valuation module is the estimation of future cash flows, it can be extremely difficult to complete accurately, and the risk of this can lead to incorrect or misleading figures forming the basis for strategic decisions. When calculating the figures we found difficulty as a group finding data as well as understanding the formulas to calculate the organizations shareholder values. It can be extrem ely difficult to estimate future cash flows accurately. The limitations we faced was dependent heavily on two key drivers, cost of capital and planning horizon as well as non cash measures such as operating profit margin due to the difficulties of finding information and the importance of having the information in the method to enable us to complete the formulas and accomplish affective results. We understood the importance when planning is to adopt the shareholder value as a significant financial objective and the implications and best approach for our chosen business Carphone Warehouse. Part B THE VALUATION METHODS NAV Long Term Liabilities  Long Term Debt -425 Group Loans (long t.) 0 Director Loans (long t.) 0 Hire Purch. Leas. (long t.) 0 Hire Purchase (long t.)  Leasing (long t.)  Other Long Term Loans -425 Total Other Long Term Liab.  Accruals Def. Inc. (l. t.)  Other Long Term Liab.  Provisions for Other Liab.  Deferred Tax  Other Provisions  Pension Liabilities  Balance sheet Minorities  Long Term Liabilities -425   Total Assets less Liabilities 1,116 Shareholders Funds  Issued Capital 1 Ordinary Shares  Preference Shares  Other Shares  Total Reserves 1,115 Share Premium Account 476 Revaluation Reserves 0 Profit (Loss) Account 690 Other Reserves -51 Shareholders Funds 1,116 Taking Carphone Warehouse 2009 accounts the NAV per share is: 1116/914108246= 1.22p per share Net asset value is a term used to describe the value of an entitys assets less the value of its liabilities. In the case of no-load funds Carphone Warehouses NAV, market price, and offering price are the entire matching figure, which the public pays to buy shares, offer prices are quoted after adding the sales charge to the net asset value. NAV is calculated by most funds after the close of the exchanges each day by taking the closing market value of all securities owned plus all other assets such as cash, subtracting all liabilities, and then dividing the result by the total number of shares outstanding. The number of shares outstanding can vary each day depending on the number of purchases and redemptions. This is not very successful and commonly used approach as it has many drawbacks and limitation. It does not take into account of time value of money. It also not concerned about the capital structure of firm has. Price earnings ratio P/E Ratio = Market Price EPS P/E ratio = 194.40p/ 347million/914108246= 194.40/0.3796= 512.11 times The P/E ratio of a stock is a measure of the price paid for a share relative to the annual net income or profit earned by the firm per share. The P/E is usually based on earnings from the last four quarters; the P/E is more than a measure of Carphone Warehouses past performance. It also takes into account market expectations for  a companys  growth. Carphone warehouse stock prices reflect what investors think a company will be worth. Future growth is already accounted for in the stock price. As a result, a better way of interpreting the P/E ratio is as a reflection of the markets optimism concerning a companys growth prospects. If a company has a P/E higher than the market or industry average, this means that the market is expecting big things over the next few months or years. A company with a high P/E ratio will eventually have to live up to the high ra ting by considerably increasing its earnings, or the stock price will need to fall. Discounted Cash Flow Basis Free cash flows: Revenues less operating costs plus depreciation less investment expenditure Revenue =347 million operating costs= -771million depreciation= 54 million investment expenditure= 872 million 347m 771m + 54m 872m = 7560000 P/E is short for the ratio of a companys share price to its per-share earnings. As the name implies, to calculate the P/E, you simply take the current stock price of a company and divide by its earnings per share Discounted Cash Flow is a cash flow summary  adjusted to reflect the time value of money.  DCF is an important factor to Carphone Warehouse when  evaluating or comparing investments, proposed actions,  or purchases, Other things being equal, especially in 2009 when Carphone Warehouse emerged with a company called best way in America. The  action or investment with the larger DCF is the better decision. When  discounted cash flow events in a cash flow stream are added together, the result is called the Net Present Value.

Embryo Adoption A Only Of A Kind Thing - 1613 Words

Embryo adoption also known as embryo donation is a one of a kind thing. Couples who are infertile typically chose in vitro fertilization (IVF), intrauterine insemination (IUI), adoption, or a less common method of embryo adoption. Couple who choose the first, IVF, go through a process of obtaining eggs and sperm, allowing the embryo(s) to form outside of the body, and then having the embryo implanted into the mother’s uterus. Typically, multiple embryos are developed and the parents either choose to keep them for later use or when they are finished, sometimes forget about the embryos and in time, they die. Unfortunately, many couples are not informed about donating their frozen and leftover embryos to clinics, where other infertile couples can adopt them. The good news is, it is becoming more popular and people are becoming more educated. Embryo adoptions is such a great thing and more couples should really consider it. Embryo adoption went underway through an organization by the name of Nightlight Christian Adoptions, in 1997. They called is the ‘Snowflakes Embryo Adoption Program. Not only have they 480 babies been born because of this program, but over 1,100 families have been informed about embryo adoption and have donated their remaining embryos through it. (Embryo Adoption) Because of their bravery and willingness to save innocent lives, there are over 500 embryos adoptions clinics in the United States. Out of the 50 states, 42 offer one or more clinics for infertileShow MoreRelatedVitro Fertilization Is An Acceptable Option For Christian Couples1369 Words   |  6 PagesThesis: In Vitro Fertilization is an acceptable option for Christian couples. Genesis chapter 1 tells us of how God created the universe and everything in it in six days. Days one through five were things such as the world, light, plants and animals. On the sixth day, however, the Bible says that â€Å"God created man in his own image, in the image of God he created him; male and female he created them.† (Genesis 1:27) Human life is special because we are made in the image of God andRead MoreAbortion Is Wrong1072 Words   |  5 Pagesindicate it that something is wrong. The variances between embryos and adults are the differences of degree not of kind. Like the terms children and adolescent, the terms fetus and embryo do not indicate to nonhumans but to humans at certain stages of their development. Baby’s inside the mother’s womb are usually smaller, less developed, and are dependent than other human beings outside the womb. They are differences of degree, not differences of kind. We can all point to other people and see that someRead MorePersuasive Essay On Illegal Abortion1349 Words   |  6 Pagesregardless of its legality. The reason and decision to have an abortion is never easy. Pro-Life advocates may argue that a fetus can feel pain and it is inhumane. In reality, a newly fertilized embryo cannot physically feel pain up until at least 14 weeks. People claim there are other options including adoption. But in reality, we already have enough unwanted children in this world so why bring in thousands of more children as a result of abortions being illegal? And the what about the care for theRead MoreAbortion Is Mu rder Essay1303 Words   |  6 Pagesindicate it that something is wrong. The variances between embryos and adults are the differences of degree not of kind. Like the terms children and adolescent, the terms fetus and embryo do not indicate to nonhumans but to humans at certain stages of their development. Baby’s inside the mother’s womb are usually smaller, less developed, and are dependent than other human beings outside the womb. They are differences of degree, not differences of kind. We can all point to other people and see that someRead MoreThe Legal Issues Of Surrogacy856 Words   |  4 Pagesonce the embryo is ready, it is placed inside the surrogate mother to carry and deliver. The positive side of this particular route of surrogacy, is the carrier has no rights to the child. Where there is a positive, there is always a negative, or in this case, a risky move. The downfall, or risk that the parents have to take is that the carrier is allowed to terminate the pregnancy whenever she wants. In this case, the parents can do nothing about it and do nothing to stop it. The only thing the parentsRead MoreThe Cloning Debat e On Cloning1227 Words   |  5 Pagesexperiments over the years, replicating tissues, organs, and even full organisms such as Dolly the Sheep in 1997. The history of cloning dates back to the early 1900’s when Hans Adolf Edward Dreisch studied the results of separating two-celled sea urchin embryos (â€Å"The History of Cloning†). 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People need to remember no woman has an abortion for fun, and it should always be the Palmquist 2 last thing to turn to, these women need to know the potential side affects and the consequences of their decision. There probably has never been a more discussed topic than that of abortion. Just that word brings deep feelings of anger or frustration to peopleRead MoreEssay on Abortion is Death1566 Words   |  7 Pagesa lot of great people dying before their life even began. How would anyone know if the person was killed before given a chance? Abortion should be illegal in all cases, because no matter what it is a form of murder. Abortion is the removal of an embryo from a pregnant woman before the end of the pregnancy (Rich. Wagner). About 1.21 million abortions are performed each year which is a fifth of all pregnancies in the United States (Ballaro. Wagner). Since 1973, over 40 million babies have been abortedRead MoreTreatments for Infertile Couples Essay1181 Words   |  5 PagesIVF and AIH because the cells used are from the father and mother, it brings joy to the couple and the embryos, which are discarded, are not yet foetuses. This can also be justified by the double effect theory, â€Å" it is permissible up to fourteen days† (quote source needed). Most Muslims would agree with most Christians and say that IVF and AIH is okay because it is only using medicine to give a family a child, they also would agree because again the egg and sperm cells

Comparison Patenting Life by Michael Crichton and...

In â€Å"Patenting Life,† Michael Crichton argues that the government is mishandling the patenting office with the awarding of patents for human genes. Gene patenting is blocking the advancement of modern medicine and could be costing many patients their lives. The hold on research results in the discovery of fewer cures for modern diseases. The United States Patent Office awards patents to companies that discover cures, tests, and medical operations for human genes. These patents are in use to compensate these companies for their discovery and encourage them to advance their research and create more medical advancements. Canavan disease is a disorder children inherit that begins to show symptoms at three months; they cannot crawl or walk and†¦show more content†¦9). Michael Crichton has many good points in his paper, but the fact that the argument uses bias word choice and does not give positives and negatives shows that the argument has fundamental flaws. Crichton n eeds to state facts and real life situations, while depicting positives on both sides of the issue. Crichton needs to be more open to gene patenting when writing his essay. Michael Crichton makes a good point when talking about the examples given. The situation dealing with Canavan disease and the Miami Childrens Hospital Research Institute is a good example of how gene patenting can block the general population from enjoying a medical advancement. Another example is when Crichton states, â€Å"When SARS was spreading across the globe, medical researchers hesitated to study it because of patent concerns† (442 par. 12). Gene patenting has a fundamental flaw in it because it is slowing the advancement of modern medicine. Gene patenting blocks researchers from looking into genes that companies own and demands royalties every time the patent is in use. This is a problem that the United States needs to address so that patients can enjoy all the medical advancements that are in rea ch for the future. Michael Crichton gives weight to his argument by using the

Washing Dishes free essay sample

Washing Dishes Cleaning dishes doesnt look like a difficult Job to accomplish, but doing It Is another story. First start by scraping off all the extra food Into a garbage can or a disposal, so there wont be any messes and It would be a lot easier to clean. Soak the dishes In some warm water and soap for about five minutes. While that Is happening, get out a dish rack and a towel to dry the dishes.After the five minutes are up, drain the sink from all the water. Get a wet sponge and start scrubbing the dishes, get all the extra food of the object. Turn the water faucet on and start rinsing the dish thoroughly, making sure there Is nothing left and Its spotless. Place the dish on to the dish rack and repeat this process for the rest of the dishes left In the sink. We will write a custom essay sample on Washing Dishes or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Get the towel out and dry the dishes until they are fully dry, not damp.Place all the dishes back into their proper places. Squeeze the sponge out into the sink to get the retained water out of the sponge and place it under the sink. Drain the water that may have been left on the dish rack; wipe the rack and place it neatly under the sink. Wipe down the entire sink and counter tops that have water on them with the towel you used for the dishes. After your finished toss the towel in the washing machine and youre done.

What are the complexities in complex emergencies Essay Example

What are the complexities in complex emergencies Essay The term complex emergencies emerged during the late 1980s as a pseudo-euphemism for crises in the developing world. This term has often been used by governments of developing nations themselves to hide the reality of an internal conflict and to encourage indiscriminate aid distribution (i.e. aid distributed to the perpetrators of war rather than the victims of war). However, the term complex emergencies implies much more than a simple euphemism for internal conflict, as the complexities of the situations that occur under this label are many and varied. It is not just the actual situations themselves that are complex (i.e. the environmental disasters, civil wars, ethnic killings) it is the way in which the situations are dealt with (by the international community) that presents even more complexity to the situation.The phenomenon of complex emergencies in the developing world seems to have developed during the post-cold war period. The states of the developing world were used as the political (and military) battlefield by the capitalist and communist superpowers, leaving little scope for any kind of domestic politics reflective of the states themselves. The power vacuum left by the downfall of the Soviet bloc allowed states in the developing world a newfound political freedom to question the status quo. The post cold war period saw a questioning of national sovereignty and a rash of internal conflicts bursting forth, most notably in the Balkans and in Africa1.The number of conflicts that emerged after the collapse of the Soviet Union were many, so much so that by 1996 10 percent of global official development assistance and one half of the UN aid budget were devoted to relief2. Also, the nature of internal conflicts changed after the cold war. Prior to 1989, the conflicts were largely based on defined political goals (i.e. pro capitalist/communist) and at least claimed to be based on popular support. However, Civil war in the developing world is now far more li kely to be based on ethnicity with the use of terror tactics used more frequently.The complexities of complex emergencies arise from the confusion over what kind of situation is exacerbating a disaster. The International Community is extremely adept at dealing with natural disasters such as floods or drought and has acted accordingly in the past. Initially the model for relief efforts was based on those for natural disasters, with relief and development being seen as very separate issues3. However, when the phenomena of natural disasters are combined with a situation such as civil war, the circumstances of relief and development become much less black and white for the International Community. This is because aid is seen by opposing factions (quite rightly) as a valuable resource, particularly during a time of war. The presence of aid can create further conflict between the warring factions and help to make the situation deteriorate further.For example, in Sudan, there is a drought situation coupled with war between the government and the SPLM (rebel forces). UN sources said Sudans civil war would make it harder to get food aid to rebel-held parts of Eastern Equitoria state where the government is refusing to give permission for UN humanitarian flights to land4. This situation is further perpetuated by war in neighbouring Ethiopia and Eritrea. The recent resumption of hostilities between Eritrea and Ethiopia is adding to Sudans already swelling population of displaced persons with 50,000 Eritreans fleeing across the border to escape the Ethiopians mass offensive5.What has become apparent through aid operations over the last 15 years is that aid can have a very negative effect. This is especially apparent in war-torn areas where government or rebel factions control the areas where aid is needed. Again and again aid workers tell how their aid is distorted by local politics and is misappropriated by warriors to support the war6. Not only does the aid itself becom e a resource for the warring factions (acquired through theft or local collaboration) but also the distribution of aid can feed rival tensions by discriminating between rival groups, free the use of local production for the purpose of war and legitimise local forces in the area of distribution. For example, in Sudan Operation Lifeline Sudan (an agency designed to ensure access to the civilian population) has been reported as becoming a legitimising force for the government. The Report to the Aid Agencies identified 11 major institutional problems.These included the uneven observance of international law by the belligerents [and] the structural bias of OLS toward the Sudanese government7. As a humanitarian non-governmental organisation, OLS should not become politicised, yet the situation in Sudan (and many other developing countries where a complex emergency is occurring) makes it very difficult for such agencies to remain outside of the role of political legitimisation, as these ag encies have to deal with local military forces on a daily basis and are reliant on their cooperation for success. The administration of aid has also caused a perpetuation of conflict. During the Relief work after the Rwandan genocide, Refugee camps in Eastern Zaire were controlled by former perpetrators of the genocide.These leaders saw the camps as a means to maintain control over the population and prepare for a future invasion of Rwanda8. This provides a shocking example of how the complexities of complex situations can be ignored; resulting in the exact opposite effect of what is trying to be achieved. Conversely, the role of aid can be overplayed by some academics. For example, the UNITA faction in Angola derives a massive portion of wealth (around $500 million per annum) from the sale of diamonds to finance its war against the Angolan government. This figure dwarfs the dollar value of aid in Angola, and monetarily plays virtually no part in financing military operations in the country.Yet it is the current (and past) paradigms of the International aid community that further complicate the matter. For many years it has been accepted that aid distribution along the lines of the European Recovery Program (the Marshall plan) used during the post war period in Germany. Although this approach certainly has its advantages (such as the emphasis on local involvement in recovery) it has failed to adapt to contemporary society. These dissimilarities [of todays society and that of 50 years ago] include the current distribution of global power; the locus and nature of contemporary violence; the nature and absorptive capacities of todays postconflict states; and the resources and will of the donor community9.The International community has also embraced the idea of peace at all costs. The 1991 UN document an agenda for peace defined the overriding paradigm of the UN. Yet the agenda for peace has not been fulfilled. For example, the Rwandan peace process (set out in th e Arusha accords) was fiercely guarded by the International Community. Yet this incessant devotion to peace at all costs served to distort the issue of ethnic tensions and is partly to blame for the slow response of the International Community to the Genocide.The framework of abstraction that the UN and other international organisations have adopted has led to a rigid, linear approach to complex emergencies. Certain assumptions have been made about the processes of complex emergencies that have been detrimental to the civilian populations of states contain within a situation of emergency. The tendency among donors and within international organisations to treat conflict and postconflict as separate categories and distinct phases in a quest for lasting peace has carried with it the expectation (and planning assumption) that the formal end of armed hostilities also marks a definitive break with past patterns of violence10.The International Community has also adopted a stance of State- Centrism whereby negotiations are principally conducted with the recognised, formal apparatus of the state. This ignores potential spheres of influence that may operate within the nation (such as rebel groups, warlords) and further exacerbate the situation of war. This is no more apparent than in Rwanda, where negotiations prior to the genocide were conducted chiefly with the Hutu government. It has now become apparent that within that government were the main planners of the genocide, yet the International Communities obsessive dedication to peace at all costs and the narrow focus of negotiation with the formal government lead to a disastrous ignorance of the genuine issues.The devastating effects of complex emergencies are multiplied by the vulnerability of the populations of developing countries. Poor infrastructure, the legacy of war, drought, famine and other natural disasters serve to undermine the ability of people in the developing world. These factors not only make the deva stating effects of complex emergencies worse, but they also make recovery far harder. Under such conditions (particularly war) relief work is made far more complex. What has emerged from the practise of International Development is that the agencies operating in countries under a state of complex emergency have been separating Relief and Development into two distinct processes. It has become clear is that these processes are intrinsically linked and the success of one is dependant on the other and vice versa. Duffield points out that in both Africa and the Balkans, complex emergencies were occurring precisely because of the failure of development11.This complexity created by the approach of International relief agencies has since lead to a re-appraisal of development and relief techniques and a shift in the current paradigm. There has emerged a relief-development continuum whereby it has been acknowledged that the two issues cannot be separated, with the focus on development becomin g more important.Yet another dimension of complexity introduced by the UN is the practise and deployment of peacekeeping operations in areas affected by war. Barry Munslow points out three main factors of complexity created by these operations. The first is that media coverage and opinion may not favour the task being undertaken by the UN forces. As the military manpower needed to carry out peacekeeping operations is derived from the member states of the UN, the media may perceive certain distant operations as unworthy when compared to the risk that UN soldiers experience while undertaking peacekeeping missions (thus leading to negative public opinion on such operations).Secondly, it is possible that the task forces may heighten tensions between the warring factions, as they may be seen as favouring one faction or the other (as I mentioned earlier, the UN has often been state-centric in its negotiations). Thirdly, it is quite clear that the USA is essential for the running of these missions as it is the only member state large enough to fund the very costly business of peacekeeping. This gives the US massive influence in deciding where peacekeeping should be undertaken. This dimension has been extremely distorted during the last year since September 11th as most foreign operations undertaken by the US seem to operate on the basis of an anti-terrorism agenda. The 2001 report on UN peacekeeping operations stated Over the last decade, the United Nations has repeatedly failed to meet the challenge of protecting people from war12.This presents a major dilemma for the UN peacekeeping agenda. Firstly, there is a major distinction between peacekeeping and peace enforcement. The former operates on the basis of an already established but fragile peace, whereas the latter operates on the basis of continuing conflict. The latter poses many problems, not least of all the notion of the impartiality of the UN. The main difference between peace enforcement and war was imparti ality The key difference from war is there was no designated enemy13. This is an extremely sensitive issue, as military operations and the use of force make it very difficult to operate without a designated enemy. This also poses the problem of re-igniting tensions between warring factions where it is believed that one side is being favoured over the other.Perhaps the most diverse and atomised feature of complex emergencies is the volume and variety of the organisations that assist in humanitarian aid. There are multilateral organisations (UNHCR, World Food Program) independent government development agencies (i.e. Overseas development ministries) (Non governmental organisations (Oxfam, Christian aid) and financial institutions (World Ban, IMF). However, the coordination of these agencies is often haphazard and lacking in focus. No overall plan is defined in the distribution of humanitarian assistance, leaving the development stage of assistance without any real chance of significan t success.It is also pertinent to the debate that almost all of the NGOs involved in relief and development are wholly unaccountable and act in ways that they think best. This leaves NGOs competing against one another in an effort to deliver humanitarian aid, a phenomenon that is detrimental to the populations of countries in a state of complex emergency.The main grey area however, is between the UN and the NGOs. Coordination with NGOs for purposes of emergency relief is also losing out due to overlapping jurisdictions within the UN. Under the present modus operandi the decentralization needed for effective and efficient emergency relief delivery is not possible14. The lack of a defined process to designate which agencies go where and do what is causing further complications in a situation that is already enormously complex.Arrested Development has paradoxically, often been caused by the International Community itself (somewhat inadvertently) through the failure of structural adjust ment programs (SAPs). These SAPs have been forced on developing countries as pre-requisites for the administration of badly needed financial and humanitarian assistance. This has resulted in a vicious circle of failed SAPs followed by international aid, the welfare state of the developing world. A further aspect of complexity arises from this; aid is the product of the international community and is controlled by the international community both in volume of aid and distribution of aid. This leaves much of the developing world without any real influence in the development of their own countries, a situation akin to the days of European colonialism.Health care during complex emergencies is also a massive priority, yet the sheer scale of expertise required and the lack of political will or funds to provide such care is sometimes lacking. Emergency relief remains largely an amateur field, practiced by people who are deeply concerned by the sometimes overwhelming problems, but who are u naware of even the most firmly established health care priorities15. HIV and AIDS has reached epidemic proportions in Africa and the developing world, largely due to the lack of Sex education available and has been described as a threat to human security. This presents a massive problem, especially during a complex emergency when other more overt diseases and injuries take priority. HIV spreads fastest wherever poverty, social disenfranchisement and instability prevail. And nowhere all these conditions more extreme than in complex emergencies16.The complexities in complex emergencies vary greatly, and new facets of complexity are emerging constantly. This is perhaps the most problematic aspect of complex emergencies. As new factors emerge (AIDS, terrorism, environmental disaster) it becomes increasingly difficult for relief and development agencies to develop a consistent and coherent framework for dealing with complex emergencies. Complexity also comes (in no small amount) from the institutions themselves, and the debate on the benefits versus the drawbacks of humanitarian aid is largely inconclusive.However, it is clear that complex emergencies cannot be dealt with in a two dimensional way; the plethora of complexity means that flexibility and a non-linear approach to relief and development seems to be essential for success in the future.

Managerial Exercise 2 Essays - International Trade, Free Essays

Managerial Exercise 2 Essays - International Trade, Free Essays Name: Muhammad Adeel Qayum Shaikh Managerial Exercise 2 The Asian country of Tamoa imports large quantities of down pillows each year. DownPillow, a US company, would like to do more business there, but it has a problem. Tamoa has a large number of regulations affecting importation and the sale of down bedding. After reading the following five regulations, evaluate their legality and their impact on DownPillow. What course of action should DownPillow take? 1.Pillows made from down harvested from Tamoan flocks may be labeled as goose down even though they contain up to 25 percent duck down, (Down is taken from both geese and ducks, but duck down is considered inferior). If the pillow is made from foreign down, then a pillow labelled goose down may contain no more than 5 percent duck down. US regulations recognize that geese and ducks often get plucked together and therefore permit goose down to contain up to 10 percent down duck. DownPillow believes the 10 percent tolerance is reasonable, but given farming methods in most countries it is not possible to sort out the geese and the ducks any better than that. Tamoa believes that the stricter standard for imported pillows is justified to protect Tamoan consumers from fraud, and because Tamoan farmers do not raise any ducks, the 25 percent domestic standard is irrelevant anyway. Ans: DownPillow should look at procurement rules that protect foreign firms from government favoring domestic producers. They can ask the USTR to present the case to WTO if the domestic standard is irrelevant. Also, the MFA agreement can work in DownPillows favor to get restrictions reduced. 2.Tamoa also requires that the cotton coverings of all pillows be certified to meet certain ecology and human health standards for textiles, they may not contain any harmful chemicals such as chlorine, and they must be tested to minimum standards set by the International Organization for Standardization. Certifications are accepted from testing labortaries in any country. US regulations dont require certification. Ans; According to the principle of less restrictive trade, these regulations may not be used more than necessary, and unless they are trade neutral. DownPillow can also bring the WTO agreement on Sanitary and Unsanitary restrictions into light that do not allow imposing of such standards if they restrict trade. 3.All pillow imports must be inspected on arrival in Tamoa. No inspects are permitted at the foreign factory. Taomoa has one inspector who must remove down from at least three pillows from every shipment and subject it to laboratory analysis. Given the current backlog, inspections are taking up to 4 weeks, during which pillows can be damaged by humid weather. Ans: This certainly makes DownPillow suffer a loss. They should bring the WTO agreements on notice that do not allow such inspection to take place if it is making imports too restrictive. 4.Tamoan restrictions also require DownPillows plant to be inspected, and the sterilization process to be approved by officials. In the US, the down is sanitized and washed, and subjected to hot air. But the Tamoan ministry refused to accept sterilization permits, and approvals from state health department in the US. Tamoa doesnt pay the overseas travel expenses of its inspectors. Ans: This violates the fair trade practices and agreements such as the MFA. Tamoas exports to the US will suffer if they continue this practice. According to fair trade rules set by the WTO, the sterilization process can be relaxed and permits by the US health department can be accepted if trade is being harmed. 5.Tamoan regulations prohibit pillows and comforters from being vacuum packed and compressed for shipment to ensure the down is not damaged in the shipment. DownPillow ships smaller orders by air freight and larger orders by ocean container. Ans. DownPillow can envoke the clause of the WTO that prohibiting these two items from being compressed or vacuum packed prevents damage to them, as the WTO doesnt encourage such policies unless they are backed by scientific evidence.

The 6 Things You Should Do the Summer Before Senior Year

As seniors’ acceptance letters pour in and they begin to make their final college decisions, the concept of senior year and all that accompanies it is  probably heavy on many juniors’ minds. The late November to early January application deadline most schools impose is likely already looming large on juniors’ schedules, and while the prospect of being at the top of the social hierarchy is exciting, the additional responsibilities that accompany club or sports team leadership can be nerve-wracking. Whether you feel like you’re not quite ready to be a senior or that senior year couldn’t come fast enough, there’s no denying that it can be one of the most challenging years of students’ high school careers. Balancing college applications with the academic and extracurricular demands of senior year can be tricky, but it’s easier if you take steps over the summer to make sure you start off prepared. Armed with our list, you’ll enter senior year ready to take on the world. It’s important to note that most college applications don’t even open until late summer. The Common App, for example, is available to students beginning August 1st. In general, we at don’t recommend students start their applications before this point. Though it may seem like the deadline is approaching fast, unless you’re applying ED or EA , you have still have half your senior year remaining before your apps are due — a lot can change in that time. You may have additional awards or activities that you want to add to your application, and even your essay topics might change significantly. With all this in mind, you can probably afford to hold off on churning out rough drafts of essays or filling in the activities section for a few weeks. However, this isn’t to say you can’t start seriously considering the sort of information you might include on your application, particularly what you’ll write your essay on. Personal essays are one of the most important components of your application, especially at schools who boast holistic admissions , and writing a killer essay can be your key to success. For this reason, it’s smart to start brainstorming for potential personal statement ideas over the summer. If you can start the school year with a clear idea of what you want to write on, not only for the Common App but for supplemental essays as well, you can save yourself a lot of time and grief later on. Thinking about which activities and honors you want to list on your application is also a good way to prepare for senior year. The Common App only allows for students to describe 10 activities; others, like the University of California application, allow even less (the UC app provides 5 spaces). Consider not only which extracurriculars are most ostensibly impressive, but also those which you’ve spent the most time on or have the most intrinsic value to you. Determining which extracurricular activities have been most meaningful to you can also help you narrow down what to write about for â€Å"Which extracurricular activity listed on your application has meant the most to you, and why?† supplement questions, which are a staple on many top schools’ applications. We’ve already written about the importance of summer activities , but just to be safe, we’ll state it again: it’s to your great advantage to utilize summers for activities like service projects, research opportunities, internships, and more. Not only do you have more free time in the summer to devote to extracurricular activities you probably couldn’t fit into your schedule during the school year, you also have the freedom to travel and branch out beyond the extracurriculars that would normally populate your schedule. In addition, staying busy over the summer before senior year demonstrates your motivation and work ethic to colleges — you have to be pretty diligent to stay cooped up in a lab all summer while the sun shines. Summer can be a great time to prepare for the final few standardized tests you need to take. If you haven’t gotten your dream score on ACT/SAT, SAT IIs, etc., now is the time! Estimating your chance of getting into a college is not easy in today’s competitive environment. Thankfully, with our state-of-the-art software and data, we can analyze your academic and extracurricular profile and estimate your chances. Our profile analysis tool can also help you identify the improvement you need to make to enter your dream school. Summer before senior year is an excellent time to tour the colleges you’re considering applying to. For a West Coaster with Ivy League aspirations , or a New England student who dreams of Stanford or UC Berkeley, summer provides an opportunity to travel across the country (or for international students, across the ocean!) without worries about homework assignments or missed school days. Many colleges provide programming for prospective students over the summer, where students can take classes, attend seminars, and stay in the dorms at the college of their dreams. While applications for these programs are competitive and are due months before the summer begins, well-prepared students get the opportunity to experience life as a student at the college of their choice. Many of these programs also provide financial aid to students for which paying for the programs poses a financial difficulty. Of course, your college list is extremely malleable — you can decide not to apply to a school the day before the application is due, or realize your dreams for attending a college 5 days before their due date. Though making changes to your list is common and inevitable, it certainly does simplify things if you’re able to come up with as complete and final a version of your college list as possible early on. Finalizing your college list in advance can help you avoid a slew of annoyances, like paying to send test scores to a school you don’t even end up applying to, or rushing to think of a unique and engaging essay topic in the final hours before the application is due. Put the thought in and do the research early, and you’ll be thanking yourself later. Senior year is a whirlwind of essays, formal dances, late nights, and acceptance letters; to the unprepared student, jumping head first into the madness can be daunting. However, if you follow our tips for a successful pre-senior year summer, you can start your final year of high school with ease and kiss college application stress goodbye. For more information about extracurriculars and summer activities,

Safety Management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Safety Management - Research Paper Example This research paper discusses the functions of management, such as planning, organizing, directing, controlling and staffing. The researcher focuses on the pllanning under management, that is a function that determines what has to be done and in which way it has to be carried out. Simply, it is the process through which the management decides the objectives of the business and charting out the methods to be applied in attaining the same objectives. The researcher also describes the avantages and disadvantages of Safety Incentives, that are mostly designed in companies to ensure a safe working environment in the company. There are several advantages and disadvantages that are attached to these incentive programs. The advantages of these programs are that: the programs make the workplace safer, there are rewards that are offered to staff members who portray the highest degree of abiding with these incentives and staff. However, Goodrum and Gagwar elaborate the disadvantages of these pr ograms to be: many accidents and the loss of incentives that results are in most cases are beyond the control of the staff, the safety incentives programs might result to reduced production and consumption of too much time by the employees as they concentrate on enhancing these programs. In conclusion, the researcher sums up his study and presents McClelland’s theory of leadership, in which he discusses the power of needs, achievement needs and the affiliation needs, that are relevant to the business management today.

Role Of Gender In American Political History Essay

Role Of Gender In American Political History - Essay Example Though the differences among the author’s arguments are more, the similarities make a strong impact on the role of gender. The American political history dates back to the Second World War after which only the men were provided with the basic rights and liberties. The discrimination of men and women played a vital role in denying the rights of a woman. The women were deprived of their basic rights and this, in turn, paved the way for further discrimination. Each argument is explained in such a way that it clearly exhibits the real feelings of the author. The authors have depicted the incidents to show the severity of problems during the Revolution. Political problems were prevalent in most of the countries and gender problems were common. But the situation was completely different in America. As America was considered as a democratic country, the problems and issues were not magnified to a certain extent. But the situation did not last for a long time; instead, the problems be came more severe. Banner explained the arguments of Elizabeth Lady Stanton and insisted on her arguments. Stanton expressed her views on American ideologies and insisted that women must be a part of American government. Since the American government did not permit. Women’s suffrage was also considered to be an important part and people like Stanton and other activists established few organizations that helped women. Banner insisted that women’s issues must be resolved and they must be included in the process of selecting a government. As men were given more importance when compared to women, the voluntary organizations fought against the government to incorporate laws that would enable women to be a part of the government. The National Women’s Suffrage Association (NWSA) was one of the most prominent associations that insisted on women empowerment. Due to the establishment of such voluntary organizations, there was a substantial increase in the number for organizations which wor ked for the well being of women. Banner’s approach towards women empowerment and inclusion of women in the government received critical acclaims. Though many people opposed it in the beginning, the detailed description about the problems and the governmental issues was considered as an eye opener. Due to this reason, Banner was considered as one of the most prominent writers who insisted on women’s rights. The time period pre revolution and post revolution was in contrast to one another. The political opportunities widened during the early 20th century and this was the

Repetitive Strain Injury Essay -- Health, Musculoskeletal Injury

Repetitive strain injury is a term that encompasses a broad range of musculoskeletal conditions that usually occur in sedentary workers. The musculoskeletal injury occurs due to an accumulation of microtrauma caused by repeated soft tissue overload (Ratzlaff 2007). In other words, tissues in the body are repeatedly injured with each injury being minor but, cumulatively, causing serious pain and damage to the body. Repetitive strain injury is not new phenomenon. It was first reported in the early 1900’s as telegraphic operator’s cramp in men who operated Morse keys (Youngson 2005). As the name suggests, repetitive strain injury affect those who perform repeated tasks for long periods of time. Most people affected are those who spend the majority of their work day sitting at a desk or using a computer. Other groups who frequently suffer from repetitive strain injury are those who use a particular muscle or group of muscles repeatedly such as musicians, knitters, a nd sewers. Factors contributing to repetitive strain injury are repeated use of same muscles, poor posture and sitting for long periods of time. Manifested primarily as pain in the forearm, shoulder or neck, repetitive strain injury is more common in women, tall people, smokers or those who are overweight. (Youngson 2005). Symptoms include pain anywhere in the fingers, hands, arms or upper spine. Repetitive strain injuries usually begin gradually and progress through distinct stages (Youngson 2005) and are easily manageable in the early stages. It is important to recognize the symptoms and treat early. Carpal tunnel syndrome is the most common type of repetitive strain injury and results from compression of the median nerve as it traverses the carpal tunnel ... ...biofeedback. A third treatment commonly used is an ergonomic approach. This involves the minimization of exposure to risk factors in the workplace. One method of achieving this is by the altering or replacement of equipment that is causing the injury. Many types of ergonomic keyboards are available for computer users which reduce the stress placed on the hands and wrists. Employee’s workstations can be altered to include equipment such as desks and chairs that help maintain proper posture reducing stress to the arms, upper torso, and neck. Frequent rest breaks are also encouraged by experts to minimize strain to all parts of the body. Repetitive strain injury is a condition that can affect a person of any age, gender, or race. Activities and tasks that seem insignificant, when performed repeatedly, have to ability to damage the body if left untreated.

An overview of fashion design history

IntroductionManner is a heating issue in day-to-day life, which is near to about every facet of society. As the enlargement of globalization, manner companies are seeking to more chances in international market by set uping subordinates all over the universe. Harmonizing to Helen ( 1965 ) , manner design is utilizing dedicated art in vesture and accoutrements to set up a alone manner. In today ‘s manner field, Italy is considered in the prima topographic point for its elegant and dedicated manner. However, France and Japan are besides produce first-class interior decorators who have gained international repute in manner design and set up celebrated trade names. The history of manner design could be dated back to 19th century with Charles Frederick Worth to run up label into the garments, and merely vesture created after 1858 could be considered as manner design1. During that historical period, most manner interior decorators are freelance in a family-based vesture store and supply design service to single client, which are rather different from today ‘s forte shops or high-fashion section shops. During the whole twentieth century, manner design had bit by bit been developed consistently and has become an of import industry in society. It is hence utile for analysing the manner history of 20th as a usher for the new century ‘s development. This essay will pick up specific decennary between 1940 and 1950 as the research mark.Background information of twentieth century manner designThe development of manner design in twentieth century has experienced a alone procedure. The first decennary of the century was a period to prosecute ne w component into the design ( Baudot, 1999 ) . The outgrowth of new female coevals and solid tendency in humanistic disciplines had stimulated manner design to unite new elements. The Europe tendency was still focused on elegance and grace, while U.S tendency was developed to natural manner, provided a measure from the dedicated manner of 19th century. Between1910-1919, there was a great alteration in manner design influence by Deco humanistic disciplines. The distinguishable character of Deco humanistic disciplines was the usage of heterosexual and folded line. It brought a boylike manner in the manner design to follow a conciseness manner and add some eastern elements. During following decennary, the manner design added girlish manner to the apparels and go on to maintain the young person elements in the design. Chanel ‘s manner created by combination of coat, skirt and frock privailed and expanded until presents. Another feature is the attending on athletics apparels design . There is besides manner design tendency in China with the amend of traditional cheong-sam. 1930-1939 was an of import decennary for the manner design. In reaction to the economic crisis, the patch-up skirts which represented economy appeared. Then a long skirt lap prevailed until the Second World War. The broken of war stimulated a tendency of nostalgic new Victorian manner. Another of import part of this decennary is the constitution of modern manner design standards, uniting the elements of elegance, beauty and gustatory sensation to stress the corresponding of apparels and fortunes. The following decennary, besides the mark period in the research, is 1940-1949. The epicurean manner during the war clip was restricted by jurisprudence and moral codifications. Practicality had become a standard for manner design. The pursue of map made the adult females apparels be input more male elements by the prevail of ground forces apparels and frocks. The war clip besides provided America w ith the opportunity of developing its ain manner design alternatively of wholly trusting on Europe.Purposes of the researchPresents, manner interior decorators create their original work to show their alone gustatory sensation and manner. However, they besides produce plants to follow the bing manner tendencies. They are hired by mass market makers to make apparels for work forces, adult females and kids. The most successful interior decorator trade names today are those trade names with long history, such as Chanel, Christian Dior and Louis Vuitton. It took them old ages to set up and develop their places as manner icons. In respect to the historical context, 1900-1950 is a really of import revolution in manner history, industries started more originative on the design of their apparels. Fashion design corporations have to bring forth their ain trade name with high quality and repute to last and vie in the promising market. To specify and understand what constitutes manner design a nd how manner design has emerged in today ‘s clip as topographic point the manner design in certain imperative clip periods is of import manner to understand manner industry. The purpose of this research is to present manner design in the decennaries of 1940-1950 to research the relationship between manner design and a series of factors, such as humanistic disciplines, wellness & A ; beauty, scientific discipline & A ; engineering, and so on.Fashion Design and Its Related FactorsHumanistic disciplinesBefore twentieth century, manner design is merely a inactive contemplation of humanistic disciplines. When came to twentieth century, particularly the decennary between 1940 and 1950, manner interior decorators were willing to cooperative with humanistic disciplines. They combined their design with major humanistic disciplines genre. Schiaparell ‘s desk apparels and laniate apparels are representation of super-realism ( Buxhaum, 1999 ) . During this period, the popular music tendency was bop and large set. In the dance country, swing, swing and fox-trot was in the warming place. All the tendencies in humanistic disciplines have influenced manner design deeply. All this new thoughts brought manner market into a new coevals. At this clip, endeavor were usually operation by interior decorators them or household concern.Politicss and current eventsThe most influential event during this period is the Second World War. War as an of import factor to alter the history of human being, every bit good as the development of manner design. During the decennary after the Second World War, manner design had a great transmutation. Women ‘s manner of the beginning of the decennary was masculine, and by the terminal of the decade2 it changed to highly feminine. During the war clip, the manner design manner was changed from elegance, dedicated to conciseness, while it was emphasized on feminine once more after the war. Furthermore, the pursue of practical map durin g the war clip enabled the manner interior decorator to add more male elements in planing female apparels, some even used male mode into adult females design ( Marsha, 1993 ) . The strictly limitation on dressing was besides carried out in several states, for illustration, there was a point system in Britain to curtail the dressing manner of adult females, set out a series of regulations to take adult females ‘s dressing manner ( Janet, 1977 ) . This sort of limitation non merely set on female dressing, but besides guided male ‘s manner of dressing. Male ‘s unvarying manner was most affected portion such as public-service corporation suit of Britain and victory suit of America ( Boucher, 1987 ) . The whole decennary was dominated by the wartime practical map and the after-war feminine manner.Health & A ; athleticsAfter 1945 a series of radical alterations took topographic point in athleticss clothe. First, slipover frocks, underwear and gym tops frequently used new scope of man-made fibers which suited in the early yearss of production to knitted cloths. During the 1950ss, some earlier innovations and new usage of man-made fibers peculiarly nylon combined with practical techniques developed in military vesture were introduced into civilian production. For illustration, goons that were concealed in cervix neckbands ; pockets in jacket foreparts which were designed to hive away snack nutrients ; baseball mitts with nothing pockets for ski base on ballss ; elastic inserts in the sides of ski bloomerss and stirrup straps underfoot made for pull on, draw off apparels. These characteristics are expected by us automatically today. In add-on, nylon running trunkss and cotton vests3 were adopted by jocks. Zip up parkas and parkas were taken onto the sports and athleticss field, though pant undersides frequently appeared to be uneven, they helped to maintain off the iciness. Stretch garments became rather popular by the mid 1960ss ; and one attractive advantage was the comfort factor of being able to travel with a garment.Hair & A ; beautyIn this decennary the most popular hair manners is braids curled and rolled longer. The film stars of that clip such as Veronica Lake and Lauren Bacall gave the best presentation of the long curling manners. Though seting your hair up into compact elegant up-dos was the standard manner for nuptialss and proms, this sort of occasions became rarer and rarer. World War II to a great extent influenced the beauty industry in this decennary. The manner, cosmetics used and beauty criterions were affected by the temper of sad and depression. As Ingrid Bergman showed in the 1942 film Casablanca, a typical beauty manner should seek to show serious, glamourous in a really subdued, sophisticated way4. A wholesome expression was much more acceptable than showy. The temper for surplus and flamboyancy was considered as inadequate, both because the effects of the Depression still were act uponing people ‘s life, and because a batch of American immature work forces were directing to European battlegrounds to contend and decease.CelebrityThe manner icon in this period was Rita Hayworth. The Great American Love Goddess was born in Brooklyn, New York. She represented the most stylish manner of 1940s in the films of â€Å" The Strawberry Blonde † ( 1941 ) , and â€Å" Blood and Sand † ( 1941 ) . The musicals â€Å" You`ll Never Get Ric h † ( 1941 ) and â€Å" You Were Never Lovelier † ( 1942 ) , both with Fred Astaire, â€Å" My Gal Sal † ( 1942 ) , with Victor Mature, and â€Å" Cover Girl † ( 1944 ) , with Gene Kelly, made her a musical star and a favorite pinup miss of American military mans during WWII ( Stach, 1987 ) .Science & A ; engineeringThe development of scientific discipline and engineering enable manner design develops from hand-made household workshop to the machinery production. The importance of client design began to be recognised. As the betterment of industry engineering, the off-the-rack apparels were considered to be the major issue during this period. The scientific discipline of human organic structure stimulates the constitution of comprehensive size system for apparels. The engineering besides made the fabrication of apparels divided into three classs: Haute Couture apparels, senior off-the-rack apparels and ordinary off-the-rack apparels. Meanwhile, the enlarge ment of stuffs scope provided sufficient footing for interior decorators to show their alone manner in their chef-d'oeuvres. Although the conflict broke out over the universe, new merchandises came out at the same clip. Nylonss were sold to the populace in 1940 when the conflict of Britain started. In the following twelvemonth, Nipponese attacked Pearl Harbour, and the landrover was invented in the same twelvemonth. In 1942, when the conflict of Midway and the conflict of Stalingrad broke out, T-shirt was introduced to the populace. Furthermore, the promotion of societal scientific discipline besides played great function in the manner design within the period. Peoples established positive attitudes towards beauty every bit good as manner design and were tolerance on prevailed tendencies, which enabled some subculture tendency become popular in the mainstream of the society.Decision1940-1950 was an of import period in manner design due to the influence of World War II. Affected by the war, many manner corporations closed such as Maision Vionnet and Maison Chanel, while others relocated in New York ( Turner, 1958 ) . Paris ‘s prima topographic point was still continued although Germany was taking half of Gallic fabrication and was sing relocate the original Gallic haute couture to Berlin. The religion of manner design was established and developed rapidly ( Peacock, 1998 ) . Its enomous alteration was driven by several factors include humanistic disciplines, political events, hair & A ; beauty, scientific d iscipline & A ; engineering, etc. Conduct research on this specific decennary is non merely dating back to the history, it is besides provides sufficient information for the development of manner design in the new century.Mentions:Books:Baudot, F. ( 1999 ) A Century of Fashion. London: Thames & A ; Hudson Ltd.Boucher, F. ( 1987 ) A History of Costume in West, London: Thames & A ; Hudson Ltd.Buxhaum, G. ( 1999 ) Icons of Fashion, the twentieth century. New york: Verleg.Helen, B. ( 1965 ) . The Theory of Fashion Design, New York: John Wiley and Sons.Janet, A. ( 1977 ) . Patterns of Fashion 2: Englishwomans ‘s Dresss and Their Construction c. 1860-1940, Wace 1966, Macmillan 1972. Revised metric edition, Drama Books.James, L. ( 1979 ) . The Concise History of Costume and Fashion, Abrams.Marsha, H. ( 1993 ) . The Way We Wore: Manners of the 1930s and 40s and Our World Since Then, Fallbrook Pub. Ltd.Peacock, J. ( 1998 ) Fashion Sourcebooks, the 1940s. London: Thames & A ; Hudson Ltd .Stach, L. ( 1987 ) . Hollywood and Seventh Avenue: The Impact of Historical Films on Fashion, in Hollywood and History: Costume Design in Film, Los Angeles CountyTurner, W. ( 1958 ) . The Mode in Fashion, 1942 ; 2nd expanded edition New York: Scribners.Web sites:hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Frederick_Worthhypertext transfer protocol: //www.artdesignfashion.com/timelines/hypertext transfer protocol: //www.fashion-era.com/sports_fashion_until_1950.htmhypertext transfer protocol: //www.lphouse.com/hairstyles-1940s.htm

The Holocaust An Unfair Period For The Jews - 1202 Words

Kendria Wilson Ms. Pilarte 4th Period February 10, 2017 The Holocaust The Holocaust was a time period in which Adolf Hitler was the dictator of Nazi Germany. He prosecuted many Jews because he believed they were the reason World War 1 started, causing the death of 100,000 German soldiers. Because of this, he made sure nearly every Jew was put into concentration camps or killed. Adolf Hitler was a man who wanted everything his way, and because of this he killed innocent people. The Holocaust was an unfair period for the Jews. The Jews were killed because of who they were, and the citizens didn’t try to do anything to help them The word Holocaust comes from the Greek word â€Å"holos† (whole) and â€Å"kaustos† (burned). The original meaning for it†¦show more content†¦Due to the fact that the people were outspoken when it came to the law, they just went on with their lives as nothing happened. â€Å"The art of leadership. . . consists in consolidating the attention of the people against a single adversary and taking care that nothing will split up that attention. . . .† (Hitler, unknown.) This quote is basically saying that he will do whatever it takes to keep people who stand with on â€Å"one side†, and all others will face some sort of punishment. After a short time, Hitler put restrictions on the Jews so they could feel like even less of a human. After May 1940 the good times were few and far between: first there was the war, then the capitulation and then the arrival of the Germans, which is when the trouble started for the Jews. Our freedom was severely restricted by a series of anti-Jewish decrees: Jews were required to wear a yellow star; Jews were required to turn in their bicycles; Jews were forbidden to use trams; Jews were forbidden to ride in cars, even their own; Jews were required to do their shopping between 3.00 and 5.00 p.m.; Jews were required to frequent only Jewish-owned barbershops and beauty salons; Jews were forbidden to be out on the streets between 8.00 p.m. and 6.00 a.m.; Jews were forbidden to go to theatres, cinemas or any other forms of entertainment; Jews were forbidden to use swimming pools, tennisShow MoreRelatedEssay on Genocide: Examples of Rowanda and Germany885 Words   |  4 Pageslargest ge nocide in history, also known as the Holocaust, six million people were brutally murdered. This was because of religious and political opposition to the Nazi Regime, lead by Adolf Hitler from 1939 until late 1945 (Genocide-Holocaust). 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